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ETC■■■THE UNITS CONVERSION CALCULATOR ■0100 │ ƒ8 Units Units of measure calculator & reference guide. │ The Units Calculator function of The Integral Scientist permits the direct conversion of values from one unit of measure to another for over 450 units in thirty categories. Over 15,000 actual unit conversions are available. You can select an input or "from" unit, enter a value then scroll among all the available units in that category of measure and see the converted values instantly. You can re-enter a new value and instantly see the converted value. The conversion factor is displayed at all times. You can scale values, reverse input and output, view all conversions or all conversion factors. The list of units for each category is displayed in a scrollable window and the list can be ordered by logical groupings, alphabetically, or by magnitude. Conversions can be exported to a file, to a screen view window for use with the Windows clipboard or sent directly to a printer. ~ ~> To start the "Units" scientific units of measure conversion function < ~> from the main menu, press "U" or [ƒ8] or select with the highlight < ~> bar and press [enter] or with your mouse, double-click the menu line. < ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1005 UNITS OF MEASURE CATEGORIES THE UNITS CATEGORY SELECTION SCREEN When you enter the Units Conversion function, the initial screen is the category selection screen. The top section presents instructions, a middle section displays a definition line for the currently selected category of measure and the bottom section contains a list of the thirty categories arranged in columns. The categories are displayed in a selection window of three columns. and the current category selection is highlighted. Above the selection window is a definition for the highlighted category. ~> SELECTING A CATEGORY OF MEASURE < ~> The first step in using the Units Calculator is to select the proper < ~> category. If you know the category of measure (as you normally < ~> will), you can select the proper category and press [enter] to begin < ~> the calculation function. < ~ ~> Press the keyboard arrow keys to move the selector highlight to the < ~> category of measure you wish to use. You can also click on a < ~> category with your mouse. As you change selections, the definition < ~> line is updated. < ~ QUICK KEYS An alternate method of selecting a category is to use the Quick Keys. The Quick Keys for the various categories are capitalized and also highlighted or colored. ~ ~> To use the Quick Keys, press the first letter of the category. As < ~> the first letter is pressed, you will see a question mark at each < ~> category which has that letter as its first quick key. Press the < ~> second letter and the selector will highlight the category. For < ~> instance: Press "L"; a question mark will appear in front of LEngth < ~> | distance, LUminance and Luminous Intensity. The Quick Keys for < ~> these three categories are LE, LU and LI. If you want to select < ~> LEngth | distance, press the second Quick Key, "E". LEngth | < ~> distance will be highlighted. < FINDING THE CATEGORY FOR AN UNKNOWN UNIT The Units Calculator can be used to quickly define and convert units of measure that may be unfamiliar. Using the units index, an unfamiliar unit can be located then converted to a more common value. ~ ~> If you encounter a unit of measure that is unknown to you, you can < ~> look it up in the Units Index, locate its category and convert the < ~> value into a familiar unit. Suppose for instance that you < ~> encountered the measurement "three and two-thirds firkins." Not < ~> knowing the meaning of firkins, press [control-ƒ1] to use the Units < ~> Index. Locate firkins in the alphabetical list, click on it with < ~> your mouse or press the "Quick Key" pair indicated and you will < ~> return to the Units Calculator with "Volume." selected. You now < ~> know that firkin is a unit of volume. < ~ ~> UNIT CONVERSIONS < ~> Press [enter] when you have selected a category of measure in which < ~> to perform conversions. You can also click on a selected category < ~> or double-click on any category. The display will change to show < ~> the conversion screen for the category you have selected. < ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1005 THE CATEGORY SELECTION MENU Category Screen menu: ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ arrow keys ┬ move around in categories ║ ü Choose category of ║ plus/minus keys ┘ ║ ┘ measure. ║ letters hot key to category ║ é Short cut to calculator. ║ [enter] activate category ║ â Go to unit calculator. ║ [ctrl∙ƒ1] index of units ║ ä Find a unit's category. ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════╝ Selecting a category highlights the category name and displays the definition. Activating a category loads that set of units into the calculator and displays the units conversion screen. ________________________________________________________________________________ »üSelect A Category Select a category of measure by clicking on the category name with a mouse or by moving the highlight with the cursor keys in the grid or in alphabetical order with the plus or minus keys. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éQuick Key Category Selection In each category name (when not highlighted) are two upper-case letters. Those letters are the hot keys or quick keys to the category. Press the first letter of a category and all categories that have that letter as the first hot key will be marked with a question mark. Press the second letter of a category and it will be selected with the highlight. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âActivate A Category To Begin Conversions Pressing the [enter] key will load the selected unit category and activate the units calculator with that set of units and conversions. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äIndex Of Units [NOTE: This index is not yet available in the pre-release version.] To locate the proper category of measure for an unfamiliar unit, press [control∙ƒ1] to browse through a complete alphabetical list of units. For each unit, the hot key pair is shown. From the unit index screen, press the hot key sequence to return to the category screen and select the proper category. Pressing [esc] returns to the category screen without selecting a new category. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1010 THE UNITS CONVERSION SCREEN The Units Conversion screen displays the list of available units or the first 17 units in categories with greater than 17. Above the dividing line is a display area which will show the current total conversion factor for a selected conversion. Selecting an input unit: ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ up/dn arrows highlight up or down in unit list ║ ü Select source. ║ number/[enter] input unit value at current position ║ é Begin conversion. ║ pgup/pgdn keys scroll conversion window ║ â Find conversion. ║ ┌─[ƒ5] select list order ║ ä Select the ║ └─────┬─ G grouped logically ║ │ order of list ║ ├─ A alphabetically ║ │ of units. ║ └─ M magnitude ║ ┘ ║ [ƒ8] show all conversion factors (base 1.0) ║ à Factors. ║ [alt∙ƒ4]/[esc] return to category selection screen ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ In the Time and Angles categories special input provisions are available to enter the input value as base, minutes and seconds. å ________________________________________________________________________________ »üSelect Known Unit Use the up and down arrow keys or a click of the mouse to select an input unit for a conversion. In categories with more than one screen of units, the remainder of the list will scroll into view as you reach the bottom or top of the displayed units. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éEnter Known Value With the proper input unit selected, begin entering a numeric value or press or click on [enter] to display the input value prompt. After entering the input value press [enter] to accept the value and begin conversion mode. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âPage Up Or Down In Unit Window In categories with more than one screen of units, press [pgup] and [pgdn] to view the entire list. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äSelect Ordering Of Unit List The default list order of units is a grouped arrangement of units generally by system (SI, English, etc) and by normal associated usage. The currently selected order is shown in the bottom line. You can re-order the list either alphabetically or by magnitude. Press [ƒ5] to display the order options. Click on the desired order or press G (grouped) A (alphabetical) or M (magnitude) to change the ordering of the list. You can change the order of the list only prior to entering an input value. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àShow All Conversion Factors To see a list of conversion factors from the currently highlighted unit to all units visible in the list window, press [ƒ8]. The currently highlighted unit will be given a default value of 1 and each of the other displayed units will show the resulting conversion. To close this list view, press any key. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åEnter Compound Units For Time Or Angles Time and Angles can be entered as composite values of base value, (hours or degrees), minutes and seconds. If you select the composite as the input value a special input window is opened and you are prompted for each component of the composite. ______________________________________________________________________________ ■1015 CONVERTING A VALUE When the conversion window opens for a category of measure, the SI (international standard) for that measure is highlighted. Use the up and down arrow keys to select the input unit. Enter a numeric value followed by [enter]. After an input value is entered, use the up and down arrow keys to choose the output or converted value. ╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ up/dn arrows move highlight up or down ║ ü Select conversion. ║ [enter] re-enter input value ║ é Another conversion. ║ pgup/pgdn keys scroll conversion window ║ â See conversions. ║ [del] clear all current values ║ ä Start over. ║ [ƒ7] exchange input/output ║ à Swap direction. ║ [ƒ8] show all conversion factors ║ å Factors. ║ [ƒ9] show all current conversions ║ ç All values. ║ [ƒ10] multiply or divide current value ║ ê Scale input value. ║ [alt∙ƒ4]/[esc] return to category selection ║ ╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ Fractional values can be entered at any input prompt. ë ________________________________________________________________________________ »üSelect A Conversion With a value supplied for the input unit, the source or input unit is anchored in place and the [up∙arrow] and [dn∙arrow] keys will select the result or output unit and its converted value. You can scroll up or down in the list. When the output highlight reaches the bottom of a screen with additional hidden units, the list is scrolled upwards. If the input unit reaches the top of the list view it is held there while the remainder of the list scrolls off the screen. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éEnter A New Input Value You can, at any time, enter a new value for the input unit. Press [enter] or click on [<┘] to see the prompt and the mouse key line, or begin a new value input by entering a number. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âScroll The Conversion List Some lists of units are longer than the visible window. You can press [pgdn] and [pgup] to view the additional portions of the list. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äClear The Values Press the [delete] key to erase the input and output values and return to input selection mode. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àExchange Input And Output Exchange the input and output values by pressing [ƒ7]; after which you can enter a new value. The input value is now anchored, and again you can use the up and down keys to select an output value. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åShow All Conversion Factors To see a list of conversion factors from the current input unit to all units visible in the list window, press [ƒ8]. The currently highlighted unit will be given a default value of 1 and each of the other displayed unit's total conversion factor will be displayed. To close the conversion factor list view, press any key. ________________________________________________________________________________ »çView All Conversions To see a list of all conversions from the current input unit value unit to all units visible in the list window, press [ƒ9]. Each of the displayed units will show the resulting converted value. To close this list view, press any key. ________________________________________________________________________________ »êScale Input Value Press [ƒ10] to scale the current input value. A window will open. Choose either multiplication, (by pressing the asterisk key) or division (by pressing the forward slash key). Enter the numeric scaling factor and press [enter]. The result of the scaling operation will be displayed. Press [enter] to place the result in the input value or [esc] to return to the conversion screen with the original value unchanged. ________________________________________________________________________________ »ëFractional Values You can enter fractional values in any input field. Enter the numerator, a slash, then the denominator with no spaces. For example: 2/3 will be calculated and displayed in the entry field as .66666666667 but the actual value for calculation is stored with many more digits of accuracy. If you attempt to enter a zero divisor value, the error checking routines will cancel your calculation. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1100 LIST OF UNITS OF MEASURE All units of measure and categories of measure are included in the following alphabetical list. The list is alphabetical by unit word. The two letter index to the left of each entry is the quick index to the unit's category. Use the [ƒ10] find function to locate a unit or locate all compound units containing a simple unit. Squared is abbreviated Sq_ and cubed is abbreviated Cu_. The * symbol indicates multiplication and / is the division symbol. When you locate a unit and wish to return to the calculator, note the two letter category symbol. Use the [escape] command to return to the category selection screen and press the two-letter hot key sequence to execute the desired calculation section. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1101 ACCELERATION - CABLE LENGTH (INTNL) AC ACCELERATION le Barleycorn (UK) ar Acre vo Barrel (petroleum) ar Acre (US survey) vo Barrel (UK) vo Acre*foot vo Barrel (US cranberry) vo Acre*inch vo Barrel (US dry) le Angstrom vo Barrel (US liquid) (var) AA ANGULAR ACCELERATION ps Barye AV ANGULAR VELOCITY vo Board foot AN ANGULARITY ew Btu lu Apostilb po Btu/hour ar Are po Btu/minute AR AREA ea Btu/pound ma Assay ton po Btu/second le Astronomical unit vo Bucket (UK dry) ps Atmosphere vo Bushel (UK) ps Atmosphere (technical) vo Bushel (US) vo Bag (UK) vo Butt (UK) ps Bar le Cable length (intnl) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1102 CABLE LENGTH (UK OR US) - COOMB (UK) le Cable length (UK or US) ps Centimeter of mercury ew Calorie ps Centimeter of water ew Calorie (thermochemical) ve Centimeter/hour ea Calorie/gram ve Centimeter/minute po Calorie/minute ve Centimeter/second po Calorie/second ac Centimeter/second sqd li Candela dv Centipoise lu Candela/sq_centimeter kv Centistokes lu Candela/sq_foot le Chain (Gunter's) lu Candela/sq_inch le Chain (Ramsden's) lu Candela/sq_meter vo Chaldron (UK) (var) VO CAPACITY vo Chaldron (US) (var) ma Carat (metric) ar Circular inch te Celsius ar Circular mil ma Cental (avoirdupois) ar Circular millimeter ew Centigrade heat unit an Circumference vo Centiliter ma Clove (UK) le Centimeter vo Coomb (UK) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1103 CORD - DECIMETER vo Cord vf Cu_inch/minute vo Cord foot vf Cu_inch/second le Cubit vo Cu_kilometer vo Cup (metric) vo Cu_meter (Stere) vo Cup (US) vf Cu_meter/hour vo Cu_centimeter vf Cu_meter/minute ew Cu_centimeter*atmosphere vf Cu_meter/second vf Cu_centimeter/minute vo Cu_mile vf Cu_centimeter/second vo Cu_millimeter vo Cu_decimeter (Liter) vo Cu_yard vo Cu_foot vf Cu_yard/hour ew Cu_foot*atmosphere vf Cu_yard/minute vf Cu_foot/hour vf Cu_yard/second vf Cu_foot/minute ti Day (sidereal) vf Cu_foot/second ti Day (solar mean) ew Cu_ft*(pound_force/sq_in) sv Decibel vo Cu_inch an Decimal_degrees vf Cu_inch/hour le Decimeter ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1104 DEGREES:MINUTES:SECONDS - FOOT*LAMBERT an Degrees:minutes:seconds le Em av Degree_of_angle/second EW ENERGY DE DENSITY EA ENERGY ABSORPTION DV DIFFUSION EA ENERGY CONTENT LE DISTANCE ew Erg ma Drachm (apoth or troy) po Erg/second vo Drachm (UK fluid) te Fahrenheit ma Dram (apoth or troy) le Fathom ma Dram (avoirdupois) le Fermi vo Dram (US fluid) vo Firkin (UK) DV DYNAMIC VISCOSITY vo Firkin (US) fo Dyne le Foot ew Dyne*centimeter le Foot (statute) * dv Dyne*second/sq_centimeter le Foot (US survey) st Dyne/centimeter ps Foot of water ps Dyne/sq_centimeter ms Foot to the fourth power ew Electronvolt il Foot*candle le Ell lu Foot*lambert ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1105 FOOT*POUNDAL - GRAM/LITER ew Foot*poundal vf Gallon(US)/hour po Foot*pound_force/hour vf Gallon(US)/minute po Foot*pound_force/minute vf Gallon(US)/second po Foot*pound_force/second ma Geepound ve Foot/hour ew Gigawatt*hour ve Foot/minute vo Gill (UK) ve Foot/second vo Gill (US) ac Foot/second sqd an Gon (grade) FO FORCE ma Grain ac Fors de Grain/cubic foot FQ FRACTIONAL QUANTITY de Grain/gallon (UK) le Furlong de Grain/gallon (US) ac G (Earth gravitation) ma Gram ac Gal mi Gram*sq_centimeter vo Gallon (UK imperial) dv Gram/(centimeter*second) vo Gallon (US) de Gram/cubic centimeter vf Gallon(UK)/hour de Gram/cubic meter vf Gallon(UK)/second de Gram/liter ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1106 GRAM/TON (LONG) - JOULE fq Gram/ton (long) po Horsepower (UK) fq Gram/ton (metric) ew Horsepower*hour (metric) fq Gram/ton (short) ew Horsepower*hour (UK) fo Gram_force ti Hour (solar mean) ew Gram_force*centimeter ti Hours:Minutes:Seconds ps Gram_force/sq_centimeter ma Hundredweight (long) le Hand ma Hundredweight (short) PO HEAT FLUX IL ILLUMINATION ar Hectare le Inch (statute) * ma Hectogram le Inch (US survey) vo Hectoliter ps Inch of mercury li Hefner Unit ps Inch of water li Hefner Unit ms Inch to the fourth power sa Hemisphere ve Inch/hour vo Hogshead (US) ve Inch/minute vo Hogshead_large (UK) ve Inch/second vo Hogshead_small (UK) ac Inch/second sqd po Horsepower (metric) ew Joule ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1107 JOULE/CENTIMETER - LAST (UK) (VAR) fo Joule/centimeter ew Kilogram_force*meter ea Joule/gram ps Kilogram_force/sq_cm po Joule/hour ps Kilogram_force/sq_mm ea Joule/kilogram le Kilometer po Joule/minute ve Kilometer/hour po Joule/second ac(Kilometer/hour)/second te Kelvin ve Kilometer/minute vo Kilderkin (UK) ve Kilometer/second ew Kilocalorie ps Kilonewton/sq_meter po Kilocalorie/hour ps Kilopascal ea Kilocalorie/kilogram po Kilowatt po Kilocalorie/minute ew Kilowatt*hour po Kilocalorie/second ea Kilowatt*hour/kilogram ma Kilogram ea Kilowatt*hour/pound mo Kilogram*meter/second KV KINEMATIC VISCOSITY mI Kilogram*sq_meter fo Kip de Kilogram/cubic meter ve Knot fo Kilogram_force vo Last (UK) (var) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1108 LEAGUE (NAUTICAL) - MIL le League (nautical) li Lumen/steradian le League (statute) LU LUMINANCE LE LENGTH LI LUMINOUS INTENSITY le Light-year il Lux le Link (Gunter's) MA MASS le Link (Ramsden's) ps Megapascal vo Liter (Cu_decimeter) le Meter ew Liter*atmosphere ms Meter to the fourth power ew Liter*bar il Meter*candle vf Liter/hour lu Meter*lambert vf Liter/minute ve Meter/hour vf Liter/second ve Meter/minute ps Long_Ton_force/sq_foot ve Meter/second ps Long_Ton_force/sq_inch ac Meter/second squared il Lumen/sq_centimeter ps Metric_Ton_force/sq_meter il Lumen/sq_foot ma Microgram il Lumen/sq_meter le Micrometer (micron) li Lumen/steradian le Mil ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1109 MILE (NAUTICAL) - NEWTON/SQ_CENTIMETER le Mile (nautical) le Millimeter le Mile (statute) ps Millimeter of mercury le Mile (US survey) ps Millimeter of water ve Mile/hour vo Minim (UK) ac(Mile/hour)/minute vo Minim (US) ac(Mile/hour)/second ti Minute ve Mile/minute an Minute_of_angle ve Mile/second MI MOMENT OF INERTIA ps Millibar MS MOMENT OF SECTION ma Milligram MO MOMENTUM fq Milligram/assay ton ti Month (4 year mean) de Milligram/cubic meter le Nail (UK) fq Milligram/kilogram le Nanometer de Milligram/liter sv Neper fo Milligram_force fo Newton st Milligram_force/inch ew Newton*meter vo Milliliter st Newton/meter fq Milliliter/cubic meter ps Newton/sq_centimeter ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1110 NEWTON/SQ_METER - POSTSCRIPT POINT ps Newton/sq_meter le Parsec ps Newton/sq_millimeter fq Part/million lu Nit ps Pascal vo Noggin (UK) dv Pascal*second il Nox vo Peck (UK) de Ounce (av)/cubic foot vo Peck (US) de Ounce (av)/cubic inch ma Pennyweight de Ounce (av)/gallon (UK) fq Percent de Ounce (av)/gallon (US) le Perch, Pole (UK) fq Ounce (av)/ton (long) il Phot fq Ounce (av)/ton (short) le Pica (printer's US) ma Ounce (avoirdupois) vo Pint (UK) ma Ounce (troy) vo Pint (US dry) vo Ounce (US fluid) vo Pint (US liquid) fo Ounce_force (avoirdupois) le Point (printer's Didot) ew Ounce_force*inch le Point (printer's US) le Pace dv Poise le Palm (UK) le Postscript Point ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1111 POTTLE (UK) - QUART (US LIQUID) vo Pottle (UK) ps Poundal/sq_foot ma Pound (av) * fo Pound_force ma Pound (avoirdupois) ew Pound_force*foot ma Pound (troy) ew Pound_force*inch mo Pound*foot/second dv Pound_force*second/sq_ft mo Pound*inch/second dv Pound_force*second/sq_in mi Pound*sq_foot st Pound_force/foot mi Pound*sq_inch st Pound_force/inch dv Pound/(foot*hour) ps Pound_force/sq_foot dv Pound/(foot*second) ps Pound_force/sq_inch de Pound/circular mil foot PO POWER de Pound/cubic foot PS PRESSURE de Pound/cubic inch fq Proof (US) de Pound/cubic yard vo Puncheon (UK) de Pound/gallon (UK) an Quadrant de Pound/gallon (US) vo Quart (UK) fo Poundal vo Quart (US dry) dv Poundal*second/sq_foot vo Quart (US liquid) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1112 QUARTER (UK CAPACITY) - SLUG/CUBIC FOOT vo Quarter (UK capacity) an Right_angle ma Quarter (UK mass) (long) le Rod (surveyors' measure) ma Quarter (UK mass) (short) vo Rod (UK volume) ma Quarter (US mass) (long) le Rod (US survey) ma Quarter (US mass) (short) ar Rood (UK) vo Quartern (UK dry) le Rope (UK) vo Quartern (UK liquid) vo Sack (UK) ma Quintal (metric) ma Scruple an Radian ti Second av Radian/second an Second_of_angle aa Radian/second squared ar Section te Rankine ti Shake vo Register ton ps Short_Ton_force/sq_foot an Revolution ps Short_Ton_force/sq_inch av Revolution/minute an Sign aa Revolution/minute squared ma Slug aa Revolution/second squared dv Slug/(foot*second) dv Reyn de Slug/cubic foot ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1113 SOLID ANGLE - TABLESPOON (US) SA SOLID ANGLE kv Sq_meter/second SV SOUND VOLUME ar Sq_micrometer le Span ar Sq_mil sa Sphere ar Sq_mile ar Sq_centimeter ar Sq_mile (US survey) ar Sq_chain (Gunter's) ar Sq_millimeter ar Sq_chain (Ramsden's) ar Sq_rod sa Sq_degree (angle) ar Sq_yard ar Sq_foot sa Steradian ar Sq_foot (US survey) vo Stere (Cu_meter) kv Sq_foot/hour lu Stilb kv Sq_foot/second kv Stokes ar Sq_inch ma Stone (UK) ar Sq_kilometer PS STRESS ar Sq_kilometer vo Strike (UK) ar Sq_link (Gunter's) ST SURFACE TENSION ar Sq_link (Ramsden's) vo Tablespoon (metric) ar Sq_meter vo Tablespoon (US) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■1114 TEASPOON (METRIC) - YEAR (SIDEREAL) vo Teaspoon (metric) VO VOLUME vo Teaspoon (US) VF VOLUMETRIC FLOW TE TEMPERATURE po Watt ew Therm ew Watt*hour le Thou ew Watt*second TI TIME ti Week ma Ton (long) MA WEIGHT de Ton (long)/cubic yard vo Wey (UK capacity) ma Ton (short) ma Wey (UK mass) de Ton (short)/cubic yard EW WORK ma Tonne (metric ton) le X unit fo Ton_force (long) le Yard fo Ton_force (metric) ti Year (cal, 4-year mean) fo Ton_force (short) ti Year (cal, leap year) EW TORQUE ti Year (cal, normal) ps Torr ti Year (equatorial mean) ar Township (US) ti Year (sidereal) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■■